Vowels
The vowels and their arrangement are:[33]| Independent form | IAST/ ISO |
As diacritic with प | Independent form | IAST/ ISO |
As diacritic with प | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kaṇṭhya (Guttural) |
अ | a | प | आ | ā | पा | ||
| tālavya (Palatal) |
इ | i | पि | ई | ī | पी | ||
| oṣṭhya (Labial) |
उ | u | पु | ऊ | ū | पू | ||
| mūrdhanya (Retroflex) |
ऋ | ṛ/r̥ | पृ | ॠ4 | ṝ/r̥̄ | पॄ | ||
| dantya (Dental) |
ऌ4 | ḷ/l̥ | पॢ | ॡ4, 5 | ḹ/l̥̄ | पॣ | ||
| kaṇṭhatālavya (Palatoguttural) |
ए | e/ē | पे | ऐ | ai | पै | ||
| kaṇṭhoṣṭhya (Labioguttural) |
ओ | o/ō | पो | औ | au | पौ | ||
| IAST | अं1 | aṃ/aṁ | पं | अः1 | aḥ | पः | ||
| IAST | ॲ / ऍ 7 | IAST/ê | पॅ | ऑ7 | IAST/ô | पॉ |
Consonants
| Phonetics → | sparśa (Plosive) |
anunāsika (Nasal) |
antastha (Approximant) |
ūṣman/saṃghaṣhrī (Fricative) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voicing → | aghoṣa | ghoṣa | aghoṣa | ghoṣa | ||||||||||||
| Aspiration → | alpaprāṇa | mahāprāṇa | alpaprāṇa | mahāprāṇa | alpaprāṇa | mahāprāṇa | ||||||||||
| kaṇṭhya (Guttural) |
क | ka [k] |
ख | kha [kʰ] |
ग | ga [ɡ] |
घ | gha [ɡʱ] |
ङ | ṅa [ŋ] |
ह | ha [ɦ] | ||||
| tālavya (Palatal) |
च | ca [tʃ] |
छ | cha [tʃʰ] |
ज | ja [dʒ] |
झ | jha [dʒʱ] |
ञ | ña [ɲ] |
य | ya [j] |
श | śa [ʃ] |
||
| mūrdhanya (Retroflex) |
ट | ṭa [ʈ] |
ठ | ṭha ʈʰ] |
ड | ḍa [ɖ] |
ढ | ḍha [ɖʱ] |
ण | ṇa [ɳ] |
र | ra [ɾ] |
ष | ṣa [ʂ] | ||
| dantya (Dental) |
त | ta [t̪] |
थ | tha t̪ʰ] |
द | da [d̪] |
ध | dha [d̪ʱ] |
न | na [n] |
ल | la [l] |
स | sa [s] | ||
| oṣṭhya (Labial) |
प | pa [p] |
फ | pha [pʰ] |
ब | ba [b] |
भ | bha [bʱ] |
म | ma [m] |
व | va [ʋ] |
||||
Compounds
| ISO | a | ā | æ | ɒ | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au | r̥ | r̥̄ | l̥ | l̥̄ | ṁ | ḥ | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | ka | ā | kā | æ | kæ | ɒ | kɒ | i | ki | ī | kī | u | ku | ū | kū | e | ke | ē | kē | ai | kai | o | ko | ō | kō | au | kau | r̥ | kr̥ | r̥̄ | kr̥̄ | l̥ | kl̥ | l̥̄ | kl̥̄ | ṁ | kṁ | ḥ | kaḥ | k | |
| Devanagari | अ | क | आ | का | ॲ | कॅ | ऑ | कॉ | इ | कि | ई | की | उ | कु | ऊ | कू | ऎ | कॆ | ए | के | ऐ | कै | ऒ | कॊ | ओ | को | औ | कौ | ऋ | कृ | ॠ | कॄ | ऌ | कॢ | ॡ | कॣ | अं | कं | अः | कः | क् |
| ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९ |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |